![]() The first method, ADL training, stimulates physical activity by encouraging residents to perform as much of their self-care as independently as possible during daily care tasks. Two methods are commonly described in the literature to stimulate physical activity in NH residents with dementia: (1) activities of daily living (ADL) training and (2) exercise training. Stimulating physical activity thus seems to improve brain vitality and may be an appealing intervention to slow down dementia-related decline. For instance, physical activity is thought to promote neurogenesis and to increase brain volume and blood flow in the frontal and temporal lobes: brain regions which are vulnerable for dementia-related decline. ![]() Biological mechanisms, such as alterations in brain structure and function in response to physical activity, are suggested to underlie these benefits. The benefits of physical activity in elderly subjects are well established, including improvements in cognitive functions (in particular EF), balance, strength, walking endurance, mood, and behavioral problems. ![]() To date, there is no cure for dementia, and nonpharmacological interventions, such as physical activity, are a promising method for slowing down dementia-related decline. Deterioration in cognitive, physical, and behavioral functions worsens as the disease progresses and is associated with a reduced ability to function independently and a lower quality of life of nursing home (NH) residents with dementia. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia affect more than 80% of patients and include aggression, agitation, apathy, anxiety, and depression. Decline in physical ability is reflected in, among others, loss of mobility, and reduced strength, balance, and walking endurance. EF consist of higher-order cognitive functions, such as planning, set-shifting, taking initiatives, impulse control, and attention. Cognitive functions affected by dementia typically include memory, global cognition, attention, and executive functions (EF). Dementia is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive and physical functions, and patients often present behavioral problems.
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